In Michigan, there is an effort underway to deny individuals whose homes have been foreclosed on the right to vote. According to the Michigan Messenger, James Carabelli, chairman of the Republican Party in Macomb County Michigan, is "planning to use a list of foreclosed homes to block people from voting in the upcoming election as part of the state GOP's effort to challenge some voters on Election Day." Carabelli told the Michigan Messenger that, "[w]e will have a list of foreclosed homes and will make sure people aren't voting from those addresses." J. Gerald Hebert, a former voting rights litigator for the U.S. Justice Department and Executive Director of the Campaign Legal Center, told the Michigan Messenger, "I don't think a foreclosure notice is sufficient basis for a challenge, because people often remain in their homes after foreclosure begins and sometimes are able to negotiate and refinance." The effort seems to target individuals who the organizers believe are most likely to vote Democratic. The Michigan Messenger reported that according to a report issued last year by the state's Department of Labor and Economic Growth, "[m]ore than 60 percent of all sub-prime loans — the most likely kind of loan to go into default — were made to African-Americans in Michigan." Thus, this is likely to disproportionately affect African-Americans. Voter registration information and previous history indicate that African-Americans largely vote Democratic. There are also efforts in Ohio to challenge voters who are voting from addresses where the homes have been foreclosed. Nathaniel Persily, a law professor at Columbia University, told the Columbus Dispatch that, "Ohio is stricter than most states in using outdated registrations as grounds for disqualifying voters. But increasing numbers of outdated registrations increase the possibility of voter challenges in 2008." According to the Columbus Dispatch, Franklin County GOP Chairman Doug Preisse "didn't rule out challenges before Nov. 4." He told the paper that his party wants "clean, accurate voter lists." The Ohio Democratic Party is organizing a "voter-protection" plan to fight challenges to voter eligibility.