Report: Red Cross Task Force Defines "Direct Participation in Hostilities" and Protected Civilian Status
by Suraj Sazawal, 6/15/2009
As warfare moves away from the battlefield and armed forces of nation-states and is often conducted in densely populated cities and regions by organized armed groups, including terrorist organizations, the line between combatants and civilians has become increasingly blurred. To address the pertinent distinction, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) released Interpretive Guidance on June 2, 2009 that clarifies the meaning of "direct participation in hostilities."
Although the guidance addresses the definition of civilian for the purpose of identifying those protected from attack in an armed conflict, its principles may be useful for identifying who is considered a supporter of terrorism, and therefore off-limits for any type of contact, including aid, from U.S. organizations. The ICRC Seven Fundamental Principles and the 1949 Geneva Conventions establish an impartiality standard that grants humanitarian organizations the right of access to non-combatants during armed conflict. However, U.S. laws bars all access if it involves transactions with designated terrorist organizations. When humanitarian disasters occur in conflict zones, U.S. aid organizations find themselves in conflict with the 1994 International Red Cross Code of Conduct for Disaster Relief when adhering to the laws prohibiting "material support" of terrorism. It is often difficult to determine who is connected to a terrorist organization and thus directly participating in hostilities.
- The act must be likely to adversely affect the military operations or military capacity of a party to an armed conflict or, alternatively, to inflict death,injury, or destruction on persons or objects protected against direct attack (threshold of harm)
- There must be a direct causal link between the act and the harm likely to result either from that act, or from a coordinated military operation of whichthat act constitutes an integral part (direct causation)
- The act must be specifically designed to directly cause the required threshold of harm in support of a party to the conflict and to the detrimentof another (belligerent nexus)
Identifying those persons who are civilians from those participating with an organized armed group is not a straightforward process. Support for insurgencies by civilians is fashioned in a variety of manners, including "the production and supply of weapons, equipment, food, and shelter, or through economic, administrative, and political support." The report says civilians providing assistance to the organized armed groups either sporadically or far from the main area of combat "cannot be regarded as members of an organized armed group unless they assume a "continuous combat function," i.e. unless they assume continuous function involving their direct participation in hostilities."